Long Island Sound Salt Crystallization
Geography is a peninsula. Saline proximity is 360 degrees. Wind vectors transport marine aerosols (chlorides). Deposition on All Saints Cemetery is continuous.
Pore water evaporates. Sodium chloride remains. Crystallization volume increases. Internal hydraulic stress ("Sub-florescence") fractures the silicate matrix. The surface crumbles. Scrubbing is ineffective. It cannot reach the internal stress points. We use specialized grave site cleaning services. We apply desalination poultices. These extract the chloride ions. We flush with distilled water.
"Gatsby" Era Bronze Oxidation
Great Neck (West Egg) contains historic estates. Monuments frequently utilize bronze signage and statuary. Marine atmosphere accelerates oxidation.
Copper reacts with chloride ions. The byproduct is copper chloride (Verdigris). Rainwater transfers this green stain to the granite base. Pore penetration is deep. Standard cleaners fail. We use chelating agents. These chemicals bind to the metal ions. They suspend the stain. We rinse it away safely.
North Shore Moraine Clay Shift
Geology: Harbor Hill Moraine. Soil composition: Glacial Till / Marine Clay. Permeability is low.
Soil mechanics are plastic. Hydration cycles trigger volume expansion (Swelling). Desiccation causes shrinkage. This volumetric change destabilizes foundations. Frost heave pushes monuments upward. Monuments tilt. Adding topsoil increases the load. For permanent tombstone repair and restoration, we stabilize the sub-grade. We excavate. We install a friction pile of angular gravel. This bypasses the expansive clay layer.
LIRR Commuter Soot
The Port Washington Branch bisects the peninsula. Rail service (Diesel/Electric) has operated for a century. Particulate plumes are cumulative. Carbon soot coats marble markers.
Sulfur emissions react with calcium carbonate. The result is a black gypsum crust. Chemical bonding to the stone is strong. This crust traps moisture. Decay accelerates. Mechanical removal destroys the stone skin. We use ammonium carbonate poultices. These pastes dissolve the chemical bond. We lift the carbon staining without abrasion.
Coastal Lichen Encrustation
Relative humidity averages 75%. This sustains Xanthoria (orange lichen). Biological adhesion is chemical.
Rhizines (roots) bore into the mineral lattice. They excrete oxalic acid. This etches the polish. We use professional cleaning stone gravestones chemistry. Quaternary ammonium biocides terminate the root system. The biomass releases its grip. The biocide residue prevents new spore attachment.




